The Russia’s increasingly escalatory behaviour is testing Europe across several fronts. Alleged plots against figures in the European defence industry, arson and cyberattacks, election interference, drone incursions and other airspace violations have added to concerns about the safety of European infrastructure. The Kremlin has also sharpened its rhetoric towards the European countries supporting Ukraine. 
 
Senior NATO and allied officials have warned that Russia may seek to test the Alliance further. NATO’s Military Committee chair has described recent incidents as attempts to probe allied resolve, while Polish and European intelligence officials have raised the possibility of a limited provocation that Moscow could present as accidental. These warnings point to a need for greater vigilance and readiness across Europe.  
 
This online policy dialogue will examine what Moscow is trying to achieve, how its actions might escalate and how NATO, the EU and European governments should respond to reduce the risk of further aggression.